Adhesive fastening elements for holding a workpiece

ABSTRACT

An adhesive fastening element ( 602 ) for holding a workpiece ( 608 ), the adhesive fastening element ( 602 ) comprising: a body ( 604, 606 ) defining a recess ( 642 ) for receiving a protrusion ( 644 ) of the workpiece ( 608 ); wherein, in use, adhesive is applied between an end surface of the recess ( 642 ) and an end surface of the protrusion ( 644 ) and between a side surface of the recess ( 642 ) and a side surface of the protrusion ( 644 ) to bond the workpiece ( 608 ) to the adhesive fastening element ( 602 ). The workpiece ( 608 ) may be aligned with a reference point on the adhesive fastening element ( 602 ) and the adhesive cured to fix the position of the workpiece ( 608 ) relative to the adhesive fastening element ( 602 ).

The present invention relates to adhesive fastening elements for holdinga workpiece and methods of de-bonding a workpiece from an adhesivefastening element.

BACKGROUND

It is known to use workholding devices to hold a workpiece still whilstperforming manufacturing processes, such as machining, or whilstinspecting the workpiece.

The most common methods of workholding, i.e. mechanical clamping,vacuumed chucks and magnetic systems, all possess some limitations,particularly when delicate or difficult to hold parts require processingwhich involves mechanical loading (e.g. machining).

Several non-conventional workholding technologies have been developed toaddress some of the limitations of the common methods described above.

For example, low melt alloys, adhesives, resins, waxes, and water-icehave been employed to encapsulate irregular or delicate parts in orderto ease manufacture. However, encapsulation is often undesirable as theparts have to be subsequently removed from the encapsulation media.Furthermore, whilst low melt alloys such as lead-bismuth-tin compositionare stronger than waxes, small amounts of the alloy may be left on theworkpiece (i.e. a turbine blade), causing corrosion problems.

It is also known to use magneto rheological fluids to hold parts duringmachining operations. With such fluids, the parts are locked in placewhen a magnetic field is applied to the fluid and are released afterremoval of the magnetic field. However, such systems are complex andthus expensive. The components are also susceptible to gradual movementif a continuous force is applied.

Adhesive based fixture techniques may also be used for holding aworkpiece. For example, Photo-activated Adhesive Workholding (PAW)employs an adhesive which is activated by light. Such adhesives have ashort cure time and provide a strong bond. However, it is necessary tode-bond the workpiece from the workholding device after the machiningoperation has been completed.

An example of a PAW technique is the Light Activated Adhesive Gripping(LAAG) system. The LAAG system uses an ultraviolet spot Lamp and lightguide to direct UV light through gripping pins (fastening elements orpins) to rapidly cure a photo-activated adhesive applied to the grippingpin surface. The workpiece, which is loaded against the adhesive on thegripping pins, is held in place during machining by the adhesive bond.The workpiece may be de-bonded from the gripping pins by mechanicallybreaking the bond or using laser radiation to break the bond. Residualadhesive may be removed from the workpiece and gripping pins bymechanical abrasion.

FIGS. 1 and 2 show gripping pins used in the LAAG system which allow theworkpiece to be de-bonded from the gripping pin by mechanically breakingthe adhesive bond.

Specifically, FIG. 1 shows a workholding device comprising a base plate1 and a rod or gripping pin 3. The gripping pin 3 projects above thebase plate 1 and supports a workpiece 5. A photo-activated adhesive 7 isdisposed between the gripping pin 3 and the workpiece 5. The grippingpin 3 has an optically transparent inner portion 9 which transmits lightto the adhesive 7 so as to cure the adhesive 7, thus forming a bondbetween the gripping pin 3 and the workpiece 5.

After the required manufacturing processes have been completed, it isnecessary to remove the workpiece 5 from the gripping pin 3. The baseplate 1 and gripping pin 3 have complementary screw threads 11, and ahead 13 of the gripping pin 3 is engaged by a motor 15 which causes thegripping pin 3 to rotate and translate away from the workpiece 5. Thisaction mechanically breaks the adhesive bond between the gripping pin 3and the workpiece 5.

However, the arrangement of FIG. 1 requires that the workpiece 5 issufficiently supported so as to prevent rotation and translation of theworkpiece 5 with the gripping pin 3. This may not always be possiblewith fragile components.

FIG. 2 shows an alternative workholding device which provides support tothe workpiece 5 during the de-bonding process. The gripping pin 3 isprovided with an external supporting member 17. The gripping pin 3 isthreadably coupled with the supporting member 17 and thus translatesrelative to the supporting member 17 as it is rotated by the motor 15 tode-bond the workpiece 5. The supporting member 17 has an annularshoulder 19 that prevents translation of the workpiece 5 during rotationof the gripping pin 3. However, again, it is necessary to preventrotation of the workpiece 5. Furthermore, the translation of thegripping pin 3 may cause damage to the workpiece 5 even when supportedby the annular shoulder 19.

As described above, mechanically breaking the bond can induce largestresses in the workpiece and is therefore unsuitable for fragile items.Furthermore, depending on the geometry of the workpiece, it may bedifficult to direct laser radiation towards the adhesive.

It is also difficult to apply the adhesive to the gripping pin surface,particularly with the workpiece in situ. Consequently, the applicationof the adhesive may be inaccurate and messy.

Moreover, it is often difficult to determine whether the adhesive at thegripping pin surface has been adequately cured. Consequently, theduration of the curing process is typically set to be much longer thanrequired to cure the adhesive so as to ensure complete curing. Thisincreases the time taken to perform the manufacturing process, and thusthe cost.

The process of removing residual adhesive from the gripping pins is timeconsuming and delays further operations on other workpieces.Furthermore, the removal of the residual adhesive may gradually damagethe surface of the gripping pin, requiring the pins to be replacedfrequently.

Furthermore, the LAAG system suffers from additional limitations, forexample, in that:

-   -   it is not possible to determine whether the workpiece is        securely held before commencing the machining operation;    -   it can only hold flat workpieces;    -   the impact strength of the bond between the workpiece and the        workholding may not be sufficiently high;    -   it requires expensive optical materials; and    -   it requires costly auxiliary equipment, such as a light guide        and UV lamp.

It is therefore desirable to provide adhesive fastening elements andmethods of de-bonding which alleviate some or all of these problems andallows the workpiece to be de-bonded without causing damage to theworkpiece.

STATEMENTS OF INVENTION

In accordance with an aspect of the invention there is provided anadhesive fastening element for holding a workpiece, the adhesivefastening element comprising: an adhesive delivery tube embedded in theadhesive fastening element for supplying adhesive to an exterior surfaceof the adhesive fastening element.

Embedding an adhesive delivery tube in the adhesive fastening elementitself allows the adhesive to be accurately directed to the surface ofthe adhesive fastening element, even with the workpiece in situ. Thisallows a uniform layer of adhesive to be applied in a simple and tidymanner.

The tube may be located in the centre of the adhesive fastening element.

The tube may be configured to prevent adhesive from curing within thetube.

The tube may be opaque.

The tube may be non-metal.

The adhesive fastening element may comprise a plurality of movable pins,and adhesive delivery tubes may be embedded in one or more of the pins.

The adhesive delivery tubes may be embedded in a plurality of the pins.

The pins having adhesive delivery tubes may be grouped together in thecentre of the adhesive fastening element.

The pins having adhesive delivery tubes may be distributed throughoutthe pins. Such a configuration may allow the adhesive to be uniformlydistributed across the interface between the adhesive fastening elementand the workpiece.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod for de-bonding a workpiece from an adhesive fastening element,the adhesive fastening element comprising: a first member; and a secondmember adjacent the first member and movable relative to the firstmember along a longitudinal axis of the adhesive fastening element;wherein a bond is formed by an adhesive between the workpiece and thefirst and second members of the adhesive fastening element; the methodcomprising: moving the first and second members relative to one anothersuch that the second member moves away from the workpiece so as to breakthe bond between the second member and the workpiece; and moving thefirst and second members relative to one another such that the secondmember moves towards the workpiece and applies a force to the workpieceso as to break the bond between the first member and the workpiece, andto de-bond the workpiece from the adhesive fastening element.

This method of de-bonding a workpiece from an adhesive fastening elementdoes not induce excessive stress in the workpiece. Particularly, duringthe first stage, the adhesive remains bonded to the outer member andthus prevents stresses from being induced in the workpiece.

The first and/or second members may be threaded such that moving thefirst and second members relative to one another comprises rotating thefirst and/or second members.

The first and second members may be threadably coupled to one anothersuch that moving the first and second members relative to one anothercomprises rotating the first and second members relative to one another.

Moving the first and second members relative to one another may comprisetranslating the first and second members relative to one another.

The translation of the first and second members may be hydraulically orpneumatically actuated.

The second member may be moved toward and away from the workpiece.

The first member may be moved so as to move the second member toward andaway from the workpiece.

The method may further comprise, prior to de-bonding, checking theintegrity of the bond by applying a predetermined force between thesecond member and the workpiece.

The predetermined force may be greater than the minimum required holdingforce and less than the fully cured failure strength of the bond. Theminimum required holding force may set as the maximum possible forceexperienced in normal service.

The second member may be disposed inside the first member.

The second member may be set back from the first member so as to definea recess which receives a portion of the workpiece; and wherein, afterbreaking the bond between the first member and the workpiece, the secondmember may be advanced to remove residual adhesive from an inner surfaceof the recess.

The adhesive fastening element may comprise a plurality of firstelements and/or a plurality of second elements.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided anadhesive fastening element for holding a workpiece, the adhesivefastening element comprising: a first member; and a second memberadjacent the first member and movable relative to the first member alonga longitudinal axis of the adhesive fastening element; wherein, in use,an adhesive forms a bond between the workpiece and the first and secondmembers with the second member in a first position, and wherein thesecond member is movable away from the first position to break the bondbetween the second member and the workpiece and is movable toward andpast the first position so as to apply a force to the workpiece to breakthe bond between the first member and the workpiece and to de-bond theworkpiece from the adhesive fastening element.

The first and/or second members may comprise a lead screw.

The first and second members may be threadably coupled to one another bycomplementary screw threads.

The first and/or second member may comprise a transparent portion.

The transparent portion may be an optical fibre or other UV transmittingmaterial.

The first and/or second members may comprise an adhesive delivery tube.

The second member may be disposed inside the first member.

A plurality of first elements and/or a plurality of second elements maybe provided.

The first position of the second member may be below the surface of thefirst member, thus defining a recess.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided anadhesive fastening element comprising a plurality of pins; wherein thepins are independently movable along a longitudinal axis of the adhesivefastening element to define a three-dimensional surface of the fasteningpin.

The pins may be configured so as to conform to the shape of a workpiecewhich is to be bonded to the surface of the adhesive fastening element.

The pins may have a hexagonal, triangular, circular cross-section or anycombination.

Each pin may comprise a lead screw which is rotatable to move the pin.Alternatively, the pins may be moved by hydraulic or pneumatic means.Further still, the pins may be freely movable and locking means may beprovided to fix the positions of the pins once they are in the desiredposition.

One or more of the pins may comprise an adhesive delivery tube.Furthermore, one or more of the pins may comprise a transparent portion.The transparent portion may be an optical fibre inside the pin andextending along its length. Furthermore, the pins may be provided with atransparent cap at the surface of the adhesive fastening element. Thecap may be domed. Alternatively, a single sheet of transparent flexiblematerial may be laid over the pins.

One or more of the pins may be connected to a light meter and light fromthe exterior surface of the adhesive fastening element may betransmitted to the light meter. A light source may be controlled inresponse to the amount of light received by the light meter.

Furthermore, a feedback loop between the light meter and the lightsource may be provided.

The light source may be prevented from being activated unless the lightmeter detects that a workpiece is in contact with the adhesive fasteningelement. Furthermore, the light meter may detect which of the pins arecovered by the workpiece and the light source may only supply those pinswhich are covered.

The light meter may detect a change in the optical properties of theadhesive which occurs when the adhesive is cured.

The light source may be turned off when the light meter detects that theadhesive is cured.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided anadhesive fastening element for holding a workpiece, the adhesivefastening element comprising: a light source for providing light to anexterior surface of the adhesive fastening element so as to cure anadhesive; and a light meter for receiving light from the exteriorsurface of the adhesive fastening element; wherein the light source iscontrolled in response to the amount of light received by the lightmeter.

Controlling the light source in response to the amount of light receivedby the light meter improves the safety and efficiency of the curingprocess.

The adhesive fastening element may further comprise a feedback loopbetween the light meter and the light source.

The light source may be prevented from being activated unless the lightmeter detects that a workpiece is in contact with the adhesive fasteningelement.

The light meter may detect a change in the optical properties of theadhesive which occurs when the adhesive is cured.

The light source may be turned off when the light meter detects that theadhesive is cured. This may ensure that the light source is activatedfor only the minimum time required to fully cure the adhesive.

The light source may comprise one or more LEDs.

The LEDs may comprise UV and/or Infrared LEDs.

The LEDs may be embedded in the adhesive fastening element andpositioned at or near the exterior surface of the adhesive fasteningelement.

The adhesive fastening element may further comprise one or more opticalfibres coupled to the light source for transmitting light to theexterior surface of the adhesive fastening element.

The adhesive fastening element may further comprise one or more opticalfibres coupled to the light meter for transmitting light from theexterior surface of the adhesive fastening element to the light meter.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided anadhesive fastening element for holding a workpiece, the adhesivefastening element comprising: an exterior surface which receives theworkpiece; and one or more LEDs embedded in the adhesive fasteningelement and positioned at or near the exterior surface of the adhesivefastening element.

The LEDs may be Infrared (IR) and/or Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs.

The LEDs may be used for curing an adhesive on the exterior surface ofthe adhesive fastening element in order to bond the workpiece to theadhesive fastening element. Furthermore, the LEDs may be used togenerate heat in order to de-bond the workpiece from the adhesivefastening element. For example, the LEDs may be activated forapproximately 20 seconds to cure the adhesive (with the temperatureremaining below the de-bonding temperature) and approximately 40 secondsto obtain a sufficiently high temperature to de-bond the workpiece fromthe adhesive fastening element.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided anadhesive fastening element for holding a workpiece, the adhesivefastening element comprising: an outer member; and a consumable innermember disposed inside the outer member and releasably movable relativeto the outer member along a longitudinal axis of the adhesive fasteningelement; wherein the consumable inner member comprises a bonding surfacewhich, in use, is bonded by an adhesive to the workpiece and is removedand replaced to detach the workpiece from the adhesive fasteningelement.

The consumable inner member may be an optical fibre.

The consumable inner member may be formed from Perspex or any other UVtransmitting material.

The consumable inner member may be a thermoplastic adhesive fibre, suchas a hot melt adhesive. The workpiece may be held in place throughsolidification of the hot melt adhesive.

The consumable inner member may comprise a plurality of portions.

The plurality of portions may be frangibly connected.

The adhesive fastening element may further comprise locking means forlocking the position of the consumable inner member relative to theouter member.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod for detaching a workpiece from an adhesive fastening element, theadhesive fastening element comprising: an outer member; and a consumableinner member disposed inside the outer member and releasably movablerelative to the outer member along a longitudinal axis of the adhesivefastening element; wherein a bond is formed by an adhesive between theworkpiece and a bonding surface of the inner member of the adhesivefastening element; the method comprising: detaching the workpiece fromthe adhesive fastening element with the bonding surface attachedthereto; and replacing the bonding surface with another bonding surfacefor subsequent use.

The method may further comprise releasing the inner member and movingthe inner member such that the workpiece is moved away from the outermember prior to detaching the workpiece from the adhesive fasteningelement.

The bonding surface may be replaced by providing the adhesive fasteningelement with a replacement consumable inner member.

The bonding surface may be replaced by removing a portion of theconsumable inner member.

The portion of the consumable inner member may be removed by cutting theconsumable inner member.

The portion of the consumable inner member may be removed by breaking aportion off the consumable inner member.

The method may further comprise advancing the consumable inner member byinserting a replacement portion into the outer member at the bottom ofthe inner member.

The consumable inner member may be an optical fibre.

The consumable inner member may be formed from Perspex or any other UVtransmitting material.

The consumable inner member may be a thermoplastic adhesive fibre, suchas a hot melt adhesive.

The method may further comprise, prior to detaching the workpiece fromthe adhesive fastening element, checking the integrity of the bond byapplying a predetermined force between the inner member and theworkpiece.

The predetermined force may be greater than the minimum required holdingforce and less than the fully cured failure strength of the bond. Theminimum required holding force may set as the maximum possible forceexperienced in normal service.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided anadhesive fastening element for holding a workpiece, the adhesivefastening element comprising: a bonding surface for receiving anadhesive to bond the adhesive fastening element to the workpiece; and aheating element coupled to the bonding surface which is operable to heatthe bonding surface so as to cure the adhesive and/or de-bond theworkpiece from the adhesive fastening element.

The heating element may be embedded in the adhesive fastening elementadjacent to the bonding surface.

The heating element may surround the adhesive fastening element.

The heating element may be separated from the bonding surface by a layerof thermally conductive and/or optically transparent material.

The material may be a glass ceramic or diamond material.

The heating element may comprise a resistive heating element.

The heating element may comprise an induction heating element.

The adhesive fastening element may have a core that comprises:electrically conductive elements which, in use, are heated by theinduction heating element; and optically transparent elements fortransmitting light to the bonding surface and adhesive.

The optically transparent elements may be encased by the electricallyconductive elements. For example, the optically transparent elements maybe glass rods which are encased by a metallic material having a highthermal conductivity and low thermal mass.

The heating element may comprise one or more LEDs.

The LEDs may comprise UV and/or Infrared LEDs.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided anadhesive fastening element for holding a workpiece, the adhesivefastening element comprising: a body defining a recess for receiving aprotrusion of a workpiece; wherein, in use, adhesive is applied betweenan end surface of the recess and an end surface of the protrusion andbetween a side surface of the recess and a side surface of theprotrusion to bond the workpiece to the adhesive fastening element.

At least a portion of the recess may be lined with a transparentelement.

The end surface and the side surface of the recess may be lined with thetransparent element.

An adhesive delivery tube may be embedded in the adhesive fasteningelement for supplying adhesive to the recess.

The body may comprise an outer member and an inner member disposedinside the outer member and movable relative to the outer member along alongitudinal axis of the adhesive fastening element; and the outermember may define the side surface of the recess and the inner membermay define the end surface of the recess.

The adhesive may form a bond between the workpiece and the recess withthe inner member in a first position; and the inner member may bemovable away from the first position to break the bond between the innermember and the workpiece and may be movable toward and past the firstposition so as to apply a force to the workpiece to break the bondbetween the outer member and the workpiece and to de-bond the workpiecefrom the adhesive fastening element.

After breaking the bond between the outer member and the workpiece, theinner member may be advanced to remove residual adhesive from the sidesurface of the recess.

The inner and outer members may be threadably coupled to one another bycomplementary screw threads.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod comprising: providing an adhesive fastening element, the adhesivefastening element comprising a body having a recess; inserting aprotrusion of a workpiece into the recess of the adhesive fasteningelement; applying adhesive between the recess and the protrusion of theworkpiece; aligning the workpiece with a reference point on the adhesivefastening element; and curing the adhesive to fix the position of theworkpiece relative to the adhesive fastening element.

The recess of the adhesive fastening element and the protrusion of theworkpiece may be complementary and interlock to align the workpiece.

The method may further comprise: transferring the adhesive fasteningelement and the workpiece from one manufacturing station to anothermanufacturing station.

The adhesive may be applied using an adhesive delivery tube embedded inthe adhesive fastening element.

The body may comprise an outer member and an inner member disposedinside the outer member and movable relative to the outer member along alongitudinal axis of the adhesive fastening element.

The method may further comprise checking the integrity of the bond byapplying a predetermined force between the inner member and theworkpiece.

The predetermined force may be greater than the minimum required holdingforce and less than the fully cured failure strength of the bond. Theminimum required holding force may set as the maximum possible forceexperienced in normal service.

The method may further comprise: moving the inner and outer membersrelative to one another such that the inner member moves away from theworkpiece so as to break the bond between the inner member and theworkpiece; and moving the inner and outer members relative to oneanother such that the inner member moves towards the workpiece andapplies a force to the workpiece so as to break the bond between theouter member and the workpiece, and to de-bond the workpiece from theadhesive fastening element.

After breaking the bond between the outer member and the workpiece, theinner member may be advanced to remove residual adhesive from a sidesurface of the recess.

A workholding device may comprise one or more of the adhesive fasteningelements described above.

Providing a workholding device with a plurality of adhesive fasteningelements may allow the workpiece to be more strongly held.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention, and to show moreclearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made byway of example, to the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art adhesive fasteningelement;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of another prior art adhesive fasteningelement;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having an adhesive delivery tube in accordance with anaspect of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having inner and outer members shown bonded to aworkpiece in accordance with another aspect of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the adhesive fastening element ofFIG. 4 after a first stage of a de-bonding process in accordance withanother aspect of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the adhesive fastening element ofFIG. 4 after a second stage of the de-bonding process;

FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of another embodiment of anadhesive fastening element having inner and outer members;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the adhesive fastening element ofFIG. 7 shown bonded to a workpiece;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a workholding device comprising aplurality of adhesive fastening elements having inner and outer members;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having a plurality of inner members;

FIG. 11 is a cutaway perspective view of the adhesive fastening elementof FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having a plurality of movable pins;

FIG. 13 is a top view of the adhesive fastening element of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the adhesive fastening elementthrough the plane A-A shown in FIG. 13; and

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having inner and outer members;

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having a light source and a light meter in accordancewith another aspect of the invention;

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having a consumable inner member shown bonded to aworkpiece in accordance with another aspect of the invention;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the adhesive fastening element ofFIG. 17 after a first stage of a method for removing the workpiece fromthe adhesive fastening element in accordance with another aspect of theinvention;

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the adhesive fastening element ofFIG. 17 after a second stage of the method;

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of an embodiment of an adhesive fasteningelement having a heating element in accordance with another aspect ofthe invention;

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the adhesive fastening element ofFIG. 20;

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having a heating element;

FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having a heating element; and

FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an adhesivefastening element having a heating element.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With reference to FIG. 3, an embodiment of an adhesive fastening element2 in accordance with an aspect of the invention is shown. The adhesivefastening element 2 comprises a core formed from an optical material 18.An adhesive delivery tube 32 is embedded in the adhesive fasteningelement 2 and extends through the optical material 18. The adhesivedelivery tube 32 provides a conduit for supplying a photo-activatedadhesive 10 to an exterior surface of the adhesive fastening element 2where it may be used to bond a workpiece 8 to the adhesive fasteningelement 2.

The adhesive 10 is pumped through the adhesive delivery tube 32 using asuitable pumping means (not shown). Once a sufficient amount of adhesivehas been supplied to the surface of the adhesive fastening element 2, abond may be formed between the adhesive fastening element 2 and theworkpiece 8 by supplying light to the adhesive 10 through the opticalmaterial 18 to cure the photo-activated adhesive 10. In this regard, theadhesive delivery tube 32 is configured to prevent the adhesive 10 fromcuring within the adhesive delivery tube 32 itself. This is achieved bymaking the adhesive delivery tube 32 opaque so that only the adhesive 10on the surface of the adhesive fastening element 2 is exposed to lightand thus cured. The adhesive 10 in the adhesive delivery tube 32 willremain uncured and therefore ready for subsequent use.

Although the adhesive fastening element 2 has been described withreference to a photo-activated adhesive 10, any other known adhesive maybe used. Accordingly, alternative or additional means may be provided toprevent the adhesive 10 from curing within the adhesive delivery tube 32itself. Where the adhesive 10 is not a photo-activated adhesive it isnot necessary to provide the optical material 18.

For example, where the adhesive 10 is an anaerobic adhesive, theadhesive delivery tube 32 may be formed of a non-metal material whichhas a relatively large internal diameter to prevent the adhesive 10 fromcuring within the adhesive delivery tube 32.

Similarly, cyanoacrylates will not cure within such a tube since thereis an absence of moisture. Adhesives that use an activating catalystwill not be cured in the adhesive delivery tube 32 where the activatordoes not reach.

Upon the breakage of the bond, all of the cured adhesive 10 is removedfrom the adhesive fastening element 2 leaving the adhesive delivery tube32 clear for subsequent use.

With reference to FIG. 4, an embodiment of an adhesive fastening element102 in accordance with another aspect of the invention is shown. Theadhesive fastening element 102 comprises an outer member 104 and aninner member 106. The inner member 106 is disposed within the outermember 104 and is movable relative to the outer member 104 along alongitudinal axis of the adhesive fastening element 102.

In use, a workpiece 108 is held by the adhesive fastening element 102.Specifically, the inner member 106 is positioned such that it is spacedaway from an end of the outer member 104. This forms a recess whichreceives an adhesive 110. The adhesive 110 may be any known adhesive.The adhesive 110 forms a bond between the workpiece 108 and the outerand inner members 104, 106. Accordingly, the adhesive fastening element102 holds the workpiece 108 still whilst performing manufacturingprocesses, such as machining, or whilst inspecting the workpiece 108.

Prior to the manufacturing process or inspection of the workpiece 108,the integrity of the adhesive bond may be checked by applying apredetermined force between the inner member 106 and the workpiece 108.The predetermined force is between the minimum required holding forcerequired by the operation and the fully cured failure strength of thebond.

In order to de-bond the workpiece 108 from the adhesive fasteningelement 102, a de-bonding process in accordance with another aspect ofthe invention is used, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

In a first stage of the de-bonding process, as shown in FIG. 5, theinner member 106 is moved away from the workpiece 108 in order to breakthe bond 112 between the inner member 106 and the adhesive 110.

During this first stage, the workpiece 108 is supported by the outermember 104. Furthermore, the workpiece 108 is supported by the adhesive110 since the adhesive 110 remains bonded to the outer member 104.Accordingly, following the first stage of the de-bonding process, theworkpiece 108 remains bonded to the outer member 104.

In a second stage of the de-bonding process, as shown in FIG. 6, theinner member 106 is moved in the opposite direction, back towards theworkpiece 108, until it contacts the adhesive 110. The inner member 106is then forced upwards to break the bond 114 between the adhesive 110and the outer member 104, thus de-bonding the workpiece 108 from theadhesive fastening element 102.

The adhesive 110 remains bonded to the workpiece 108; however, whererequired, the residual adhesive may be removed using conventionalmethods. The method used may be chosen to suit the type of adhesiveused. For example, the method may include: chemical agents, abrasion,hot water bath or other media hot bath, peeling off, water solubleadhesive, laser cleaning, ultrasonic cleaning, etc.

The actuation of the inner member 106 in the first and second stages ofthe de-bonding process may be caused by any known arrangement. Forexample, the inner member 106 may be actuated by pneumatic or hydraulicmeans, or through the use of cooperating screw threads on the outer andinner members 104, 106.

FIGS. 7 and 8 show another embodiment of an adhesive fastening element202. In this embodiment the outer member 204 tapers towards one end.Accordingly, the adhesive fastening element 202 is particularly suitablefor inspection purposes since it provides maximum accessibility to theworkpiece surfaces.

The adhesive fastening element 202 is threadably coupled to a base plate216. Furthermore, the outer and inner members 204, 206 are threadablycoupled to one another. The adhesive 210 used in this embodiment is aphoto-activated adhesive (e.g. UV curable adhesive, such as Dymax6-621). In this regard, the inner member 206 is provided with an opticalmaterial 218 (e.g. a fibre optic or fibre optic bundle made of Perspexor glass) which passes through the centre of the inner member 206 andprovides a conduit for transmitting light to the adhesive 210 so as tocure the adhesive 210 and to form a bond between the workpiece 208 andthe adhesive fastening element 202.

In order to de-bond the workpiece 208 from the adhesive fasteningelement 202, the outer member 204 is rotated relative to the innermember 206. This causes the outer member 204 to translate relative tothe inner member 206, thus breaking the bond 212 between the innermember 206 and the adhesive 210. Subsequently, the outer member 204 isrotated in the opposite direction to break the bond 214 between theadhesive 210 and the outer member 204, thus de-bonding the workpiece 208from the adhesive fastening element 202.

A portion 220 of an inner surface of the outer member 204 is taperedsuch that the recess into which the adhesive 210 is received is wider atan end adjacent the workpiece 208 than at an end adjacent the innermember 206. This arrangement encourages the bond 212 to break betweenthe inner member 206 and the adhesive 210 during the first stage of thede-bonding process. Furthermore, the tapering structure allows theadhesive 210 to be forced out of the outer member 204 during the secondstage of the de-bonding process.

FIG. 9 shows a workholding device comprising a plurality of adhesivefastening elements 302 which operate in a similar manner as the adhesivefastening element described previously with reference to FIG. 4.

Specifically, each of the adhesive fastening elements 302 comprises anouter member 304 and an inner member 306. The inner member 306 isdisposed within the outer member 304 and is threadably coupled to theouter member 304 by complementary screw threads. Accordingly, the innermember 306 is movable relative to the outer member 4 along alongitudinal axis of the adhesive fastening element 302 through therotation of the inner member 306.

The adhesive 310 is a photo-activated adhesive, and thus the innermember 306 is provided with an optical material 318 which passes throughthe centre of the inner member 306 and provides a conduit fortransmitting light to the adhesive 310 so as to cure the adhesive 310and to form a bond between the workpiece 308 and the adhesive fasteningelement 303.

To de-bond the workpiece 308 from the adhesive fastening elements 302,the process shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 is used. The inner member 306 istherefore screwed so as to translate the inner member 306 away from theworkpiece 308 and to break the bond between the inner member 304 and theadhesive 310.

The rotation of the inner member 306 is subsequently reversed in orderto move the inner member 306 back towards the workpiece 308, until itcontacts the adhesive 310. The inner member 306 is then further rotatedso as to force the adhesive 310 upwards and to break the bond betweenthe adhesive 310 and the outer member 304, thus de-bonding the workpiece308 from the adhesive fastening element 302.

The de-bonding process may be carried out simultaneously for all of theadhesive fastening elements 302 or consecutively.

Although the actuation of the inner member 306 in the first and secondstages of the de-bonding process has been described as being caused bycooperating screw threads, the inner member 306 may be actuated by othermeans. The workholding device may use any of the adhesive fasteningelements described herein. Furthermore, although this embodiment, andthat of FIGS. 7 and 8, have been described as using a photo-activatedadhesive, this is not necessary, and any known adhesive could be used,thus removing the need for the optical material 218, 318.

For example, thermally cured adhesives, such as epoxies, may be used.Such adhesives can provide a very high bonding strength; however thecuring time is generally longer than for photo-activated adhesives.

Furthermore, a chemical activating catalyst, which can be applied to theworkpiece at the point of contact, may be used to cure the adhesivejoint. The high strength, structural adhesive Dymax 6-621 is able to becured in multiple ways (i.e. UV cured, thermally cured or cured with anactivator) and thus provides flexibility in the bonding process.

Anaerobic adhesives will only cure when in contact with the surface of ametal type adhesive fastening element when the workpiece is brought intocontact to remove the air and produce a thin joint cross-section.Cyanoacrylates (super glue type adhesives) cure almost instantaneouslythrough a reaction with moisture on the adhesive fastening elementsurface.

The ratio of dimensions (A:B in FIG. 9) is used to control the point atwhich the adhesive joint first breaks with larger ratios causing theadhesive to break first, away from the workpiece. There is however alimit on the maximum thickness of some adhesives which can limit thesize of dimension (A). As a result an array of inner members may be usedto overcome this issue.

FIGS. 10 and 11 show another embodiment of an adhesive fastening element402 which employs a plurality of inner members 406.

An outer member 404 of the adhesive fastening element 402 is providedwith a plurality of holes 422 which receive the inner members 406. Eachof the inner members 406 is movably located within one of the holes 422.The holes 422 may extend through the entire length of the outer member404 or, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, extend through only a portion ofthe outer member 404. In use, the holes 422 act to guide the innermembers 406. Furthermore, the holes 422 in conjunction with the innermembers 406 form a plurality of recesses for receiving a portion ofadhesive 410.

The workpiece 408 may be de-bonded from the adhesive fastening element402 using the de-bonding process shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

Accordingly, in a first stage of the de-bonding process, the innermembers 406 are moved away from the workpiece 408 in order to break thebond between the inner members 404 and the adhesive 410.

In a second stage of the de-bonding process, the inner members 406 aremoved in the opposite direction, back towards the workpiece 408, untilthey contact the adhesive 410. The inner members 406 are then forcedupwards to break the bond between the adhesive 410 and the outer member404, thus de-bonding the workpiece 408 from the adhesive fasteningelement 402.

The inner members 406 are separated from one another by a bearingelement 434 which allows the inner members to slide freely within theadhesive fastening element 402.

The plurality of inner members 406 may be connected to one another suchthat they move in unison. Alternatively, the inner members 406 may beindividually actuated.

FIGS. 12 to 14 show another embodiment of an adhesive fastening element502. The adhesive fastening element 502 comprises a plurality of pins506 disposed within an opening in a body or base plate 516. The pins 506are individually movable relative to one another and relative to thebase plate 516. The base plate 516 may be formed from several sections(see FIG. 13) which allow the size and shape of the opening, and thusthe number and shape of the pins 506 to be changed, depending on theapplication.

As shown particularly in FIG. 13, the pins 506 have a hexagonalcross-section so as to eliminate gaps between the pins 506.

A central pin 506 a is provided with an adhesive delivery tube 532 whichextends along a longitudinal axis of the pin 506 a. The adhesivedelivery tube 532 supplies an photo-activated adhesive to the interfacebetween the adhesive fastening element 502 and the workpiece 508 (seeFIG. 14).

The other pins 506 b each comprise an optical material 518 (e.g. a fibreoptic or fibre optic bundle made of Perspex or glass) at the centre ofthe pin 506 b and extending along the longitudinal axis of the pin 506b. The optical material 518 transmits light (e.g. UV light) from a lightsource to the surface of the adhesive fastening element 502.

Each pin 506 is provided with a domed cap 527 formed from an opticallytransparent material. The cap 527 dissipates the light from the opticalmaterial 518 across the entire interface between the adhesive fasteningelement 502 and the workpiece 508.

The outer portion of the pins 506 surrounding the optical material 518or adhesive delivery tube 532 may be formed from hardened steel.

In use, the pins 506 are moved relative to the base plate 516 andrelative to one another in order to conform to the three-dimensionalsurface of the workpiece 508, as shown in FIG. 14.

Each pin 506 may be attached to the base plate 516 by a lead screw. Theshank of the screw may be aligned with the longitudinal axis of the pin506 and adjacent pins may prevent rotation of the pin 506 such thatrotation of the screw causes the pin 506 to move up or down (i.e. alongthe longitudinal axis of the pin). Alternatively, the movement of thepins 506 may be actuated by hydraulic, pneumatic or other such means.

On the other hand, the pins 506 may be allowed to move freely until theyare appropriately positioned. The pins 506 may then be locked in thisposition by applying a lateral force to the pins. This force could beapplied by the base plate 516 through adjustment of the positions of thesections which form the base plate 516.

With the workpiece 508 in place, the adhesive delivery tube 532 of thecentral pin 506 a supplies adhesive to the surface of the adhesivefastening element 502. The adhesive is then cured using the opticalmaterial 518 of the other pins 506 b to form a joint between theadhesive fastening element 502 and the workpiece 508.

De-bonding of the workpiece 508 from the adhesive fastening element 502is carried out in two stages. In the first stage of the de-bondingprocess, some but not all of the pins 506 are moved away from theworkpiece 508 in order to break the bond between the pins 506 and theadhesive 510. During this first stage, the workpiece 508 is supported bythe remaining pins 506. Of course, the pins 506 de-bonded during thefirst stage may be de-bonded separately, rather than simultaneously.

In the second stage of the de-bonding process, the already de-bondedpins 506 are moved in the opposite direction, back towards the workpiece508, until they contact the adhesive 510. The pins 506 are then forcedupwards to break the bond between the adhesive 510 and the remainingpins 506, thus de-bonding the workpiece 508 from the adhesive fasteningelement 502.

The pins 506 de-bonded during the first stage may surround the pins 506de-bonded during the second stage, or vice-versa. Alternatively, thepins de-bonded in the first stage may be distributed evenly across thesurface of the adhesive fastening element 502 so as to provide maximumsupport to the workpiece 508 and to minimise the stress induced in theworkpiece 508.

Although the pins 506 have been described as having a hexagonalcross-section, other cross-sectional shapes may be employed such astriangular, circular, or any other shape. Furthermore, it is notnecessary for all of the pins 506 to have the same cross-section.

The caps 527 may allow light to be transmitted between adjacent pins506. Accordingly, it may not be necessary to provide each of the pins506 b with optical material 518. Furthermore, the caps 527 need not bedomed and could instead be flat, angled or any other shape. Indeed, thecaps 527 may be removed altogether, with the optical material 518 andthe outer portion of the pin 506 forming the surface of the pin 506.Here, it is desirable to maximise the size of the optical material 518so as to provide light to the entire surface of the adhesive fasteningelement 502. Alternatively, the caps 527 may be replaced by a singlesheet of thin, flexible, transparent material (such as PMMA orpolycarbonate) which lies over the surface of the pins 506, with theadhesive disposed between the thin sheet and the workpiece 508. Thesheet would be de-bonded from the workpiece 508 as the pins 506 aremoved.

A plurality of pins 506 a may have adhesive delivery tubes 532, wererequired. These pins 506 a may be distributed throughout the array ofpins in order to uniformly distribute the adhesive across the interfacebetween the adhesive fastening element 502 and the workpiece 508.Alternatively, the pins 506 a may be grouped together in the centre ofthe adhesive fastening element 502.

Although this embodiment has been described as using a photo-activatedadhesive, this is not necessary, and any known adhesive could be used,thus removing the need for the optical material 518 and caps 527.

Furthermore, the optical material 518 of one or more of the pins 506 maybe connected to a light meter and light from the surface of the adhesivefastening element 502 may be transmitted to the light meter. The lightsource may be controlled in response to the amount of light received bythe light meter using a feedback loop between the light meter and thelight source.

The light source may be prevented from being activated unless the lightmeter detects that a workpiece is in contact with the adhesive fasteningelement. Furthermore, the light meter may detect which of the pins arecovered by the workpiece and the light source may only supply those pinswhich are covered.

The light meter may detect a change in the optical properties of theadhesive which occurs when the adhesive is cured. Accordingly, the lightsource may be turned off when the light meter detects that the adhesiveis cured.

FIG. 15 shows another embodiment of an adhesive fastening element 602.The adhesive fastening element 602 comprises a body or outer member 604and an inner member 606. The inner member 606 is disposed within achamber formed in the outer member 604 and is movable relative to theouter member 604 along a longitudinal axis of the adhesive fasteningelement 602.

The chamber formed in the outer member 604 may have an internalcross-section which is circular, however other shapes may be used, suchas triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal or irregular. The latterarrangements may provide a fixed orientation between the workpiece andthe adhesive fastening element 602. Additionally, or instead, theadhesive fastening element 602 may be provided with location featureswhich interlock with complementary features of the workpiece (forexample, dowels and holes) to define the location of the workpiecerelative to the adhesive fastening element 602.

The chamber is lined along at least a portion of its length with atransparent element 618. The transparent element 618 is tubular andhollow and the inner member 606 moves within the transparent element618. A passageway 638 is formed in the side of the outer member 604which allows light to be transmitted from a light source (e.g. a UVlight source; not shown), along the passageway (or an optical fibre),and to the transparent element 618. Furthermore, a portion of the innermember 606 may be formed from an optical material to allow light to betransmitted across the surface of the inner member 606.

The transparent element 618 is retained within the opening of the outermember 604 by a cover plate 640 which is fixed to the surface of theouter member 604. The cover plate 640 also protects the transparentelement 618 from impact related damage.

The inner member 606 is provided with an adhesive delivery tube 632which extends along a longitudinal axis of the inner member 606. Theadhesive delivery tube 632 supplies an photo-activated adhesive to thesurface of the inner member 606.

The inner member 606 is set so as to define a recess 642. The recess 642corresponds to a protrusion 644 provided on the workpiece 608.Accordingly, the protrusion 644 is received within the recess 642 suchthat the protrusion abuts with the surface of the inner member 606.

The insertion of the protrusion 644 causes some of the adhesive at thesurface of inner member 606 to be forced around the protrusion 644between the protrusion 644 and the transparent element 618.

The adhesive is then cured using the light source to create a bondbetween the adhesive fastening element 602 and the workpiece 608.Specifically, a bond is formed between the inner member 606 and theprotrusion 644 and a bond is formed between the transparent element 618of the outer member 604 and the protrusion 644. Such a joint canwithstand greater loads than a butt joint.

The adhesive may be cured only when the workpiece 608 is appropriatelyaligned with the fastening element 602. Accordingly, the adhesivefastening element 602 may act as a reference datum for manufacturingoperations. Furthermore, the adhesive fastening element 602 can be usedas a carrier for transporting the workpiece 608 between manufacturingstations. Each manufacturing station is configured to receive theadhesive fastening element 602 with the workpiece 608 attached. Themanufacturing process performed at each station is coordinated withrespect to the reference datum provided by the adhesive fasteningelement 602. Once all of the required operations have been performed onthe workpiece 608, the workpiece 608 can be de-bonded from the adhesivefastening element 602. The adhesive fastening element 602 can then bereused.

The protrusion 644 of the workpiece 608 need not be accurately machinedsince the adhesive mitigates for deviations in its geometry. Theworkpiece 608 and the protrusion 644 may be formed using, for example, asimple forging process. Provided the orientation of workpiece 608relative to the adhesive fastening element 602 is known, themanufacturing operations can be performed accurately. This isparticularly advantageous in applications where the workpiece 608 is ablank which is to undergo machining operations whilst held by theadhesive fastening element 602 to form the final component.

De-bonding of the workpiece 608 from the adhesive fastening element 602is carried out in two stages. In a first stage of the de-bondingprocess, the inner member 606 is moved away from the workpiece 608 inorder to break the bond between the inner member 606 and the protrusion644.

During this first stage, the workpiece 608 is supported by the outermember 604 and the bond between the transparent element 618 and theprotrusion 644. Accordingly, following the first stage of the de-bondingprocess, the workpiece 608 remains bonded to the transparent element618.

In a second stage of the de-bonding process, the inner member 606 ismoved in the opposite direction, back towards the protrusion 644, untilit contacts the protrusion 644. The inner member 606 is then forcedupwards to break the bond between the transparent element 618 and theprotrusion 644, thus de-bonding the workpiece 608 from the adhesivefastening element 602. The inner member 606 has a sharp leading edge andfits closely within the chamber. Consequently, the action of the innermember 606 also acts to scrape the residual adhesive from the surface ofthe transparent element 618, leaving the adhesive fastening element 602ready for subsequent use.

The actuation of the inner member 606 in the first and second stages ofthe de-bonding process may be caused by any known arrangement. Forexample, the inner member 606 may be actuated through the use ofcooperating screw threads on the outer and inner members 604, 606, asshown in FIG. 15, or by pneumatic or hydraulic means.

In an alternative embodiment, the transparent element 618 may taperalong its length. Similarly, the protrusion 644 may have a correspondingtaper. With this arrangement, the inner member 606 is unable to removeresidual adhesive from the transparent element and may therefore only berequired to move sufficiently in order break the bond between theworkpiece 608 and the adhesive fastening element 602 (for example,approximately 1 mm in each direction).

With reference to FIG. 16, an embodiment of an adhesive fasteningelement 702 in accordance with another aspect of the invention is shown.The adhesive fastening element 702 comprises a core formed by aplurality of optical fibres 724. Indeed, the optically transparentmaterial of any of the embodiments described herein may be formed by aplurality of optical fibres.

One or more of the optical fibres 724 are coupled to a light source 726.The optical fibres 724 therefore provide a conduit for transmittinglight from the light source 726 to an exterior surface of the adhesivefastening element 702. Accordingly, the light source 726 is able to curea photo-activated adhesive disposed on the adhesive fastening element702.

In addition, one or more of the optical fibres 724 are coupled to alight meter 728. The optical fibres 724 therefore provide a conduit fortransmitting light from the exterior surface of the adhesive fasteningelement 702 to the light meter 728. The light meter 728 thereforeprovides a light intensity reading at the joint interface. A feedbackloop 730 is provided between the light meter 728 and the light source726.

In use, the feedback loop 730 allows the output of the light source 726to be controlled in response to the amount of light received by thelight meter 728.

For example, the light meter 728 may detect a change in the opticalproperties of the adhesive 710 which occurs when the adhesive is cured.For instance, the transparency of the adhesive 710 may change as itcures. Furthermore, adhesives are available which change colour whenthey are cured and the light meter 728 may detect this change.

When the light meter 728 detects that the adhesive 710 is cured, thelight source 726 may be turned off. Such feedback may ensure consistentcuring of the adhesive 710 and/or optimised curing time.

Alternatively, or in addition, the light source 726 may be preventedfrom being activated unless the light meter 728 detects that a workpieceis in contact with the adhesive fastening element 702 (i.e. the amountof light received by the light meter 728 will reduce in the presence ofthe workpiece 728). This therefore provides a safety interlock.

The light source 726 may be provided by one or more LEDs which arecoupled to the optical fibres 724. In another embodiment, the LEDs maybe embedded at or close to the exterior surface of the adhesivefastening element 702, thereby removing the need for the optical fibres724 to transmit the light to the surface. Nevertheless, one or more ofthe optical fibres 724 may be retained for transmitting light from theexterior surface of the adhesive fastening element 702 to the lightmeter 728. Alternatively, the light meter 728 may also be located at orclose to the exterior surface of the adhesive fastening element 702.

The LEDs may be an Infrared (IR) or Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs, or acombination of IR and UV LEDs.

The LEDs can be used to cure the adhesive 710 on the exterior surface ofthe adhesive fastening element 702 in order to bond the workpiece to theadhesive fastening element 702. For example, a UV LED may be used forcuring UV adhesive.

The incorporation of a UV LED into the adhesive fastening element 702provides the benefit of removing the need for a UV curing lamp andprovides a more self contained system. Furthermore, using LED technologycontrols the wavelength of light more tightly and therefore reduces therisk of harmful far-UV wavelengths being emitted. Consequently, theadhesive fastening element 702 is safer to operate.

Although the outputted power of an LED is lower than a UV lamp which canincrease cure times, they can be used in an array making them moresuitable for larger cure areas.

Furthermore, the LEDs may be used to generate heat in order to de-bondthe workpiece from the adhesive fastening element 702. The heat may bemanaged using a CVD diamond based arrangement, such as a heat spreader.

The thermal effects in the adhesive fastening element can be controlledby: a thermal management system, the wavelength or intensity outputrating of the LED, the power level applied to the LEDs, the LED type(UV/IR), and the adhesive type (for example, the lower strengthSpeedmask® UV adhesive may be curable and de-bondable using inexpensive,off the shelf, UV LEDs that can operate up to 120° C.).

Furthermore, LEDs are being developed which can emit a deep UV light ofa wavelength around 235 nm and can operate at temperatures as high as420° C. and which are stable and do not break down below approximately600° C.

The LEDs may be activated for approximately 20 seconds to cure theadhesive (with the temperature remaining below the de-bondingtemperature) and approximately 40 seconds to obtain a sufficiently hightemperature to de-bond the workpiece from the adhesive fasteningelement. At this temperature, the workpiece can be easily removed fromthe adhesive fastening element by hand and residual adhesive can beremoved from the workpiece.

A combination of UV and IR LEDs may be used to provide curing andde-bonding respectively.

With reference to FIG. 17, an embodiment of an adhesive fasteningelement 802 is shown in accordance with another aspect of the inventionis shown. The adhesive fastening element 802 comprises an outer member804 and an inner member 806. The inner member 806 is disposed within theouter member 804 and is movable relative to the outer member 804 along alongitudinal axis of the adhesive fastening element 802. The innermember 806 is a consumable element, i.e. at least a portion of the innermember 806 is consumed during each use and the inner member 806 isreplaced, as will be described in more detail below.

The adhesive fastening element 802 further comprises locking means whichselectively lock the position of the inner member 806 relative to theouter member 804. The locking means may be provided by the outer member804 itself, which may apply a lateral force to the inner member 806 tolock it in position. However, other locking means may be used.

In use, a workpiece 808 is held by the adhesive fastening element 802.Specifically, the inner member 806 is positioned such that it is levelwith the outer member 804 and locked in this position with the lockingmeans. Alternatively, the inner member 806 may be raised slightly fromthe outer member 804. An adhesive 810 is applied to the bonding surfaceof the inner member 806. The adhesive 810 forms a bond between theworkpiece 808 and the inner member 806. Accordingly, the adhesivefastening element 802 holds the workpiece 808 still whilst performingmanufacturing processes, such as machining, or whilst inspecting theworkpiece 808.

The adhesive 810 may be any known adhesive. Preferably, the adhesive isa photo-activated adhesive. Where such an adhesive is used, the innermember 806 may be formed from or comprise a transparent material.Accordingly, the inner member 806 may be used to transmit light from alight source to the surface of the inner member 806 where it cures theadhesive 810. For example, the inner member 806 may be an optical fibremade of Perspex.

Prior to the manufacturing process or inspection of the workpiece 808,the integrity of the adhesive bond may be checked by applying apredetermined force between the inner member 806 and the workpiece 808.The predetermined force is between the minimum required holding forcerequired by the operation and the fully cured failure strength of thebond.

In order to detach the workpiece 808 from the adhesive fastening element802, a method in accordance with another aspect of the invention isused, as illustrated by FIGS. 18 and 19.

As shown in FIG. 18, the inner member 806 is released and moved relativeto the outer member 804 so that it is raised above the outer member 804.The inner member 806 is then cut at the level of the outer member 804,as shown in FIG. 19. Consequently, a portion of the inner member 806comprising the bonding surface is removed from the remainder of theinner member 806 and stays connected to the workpiece 808.

Accordingly, the surface of the inner member 806 forms a new bondingsurface for the subsequent attachment to another workpiece 808.Therefore, the adhesive fastening element 802 is immediately ready forfurther operations. The adhesive 810 and the portion of the inner member806 may be subsequently removed from the workpiece 808 usingconventional methods.

Alternatively, for ease, the inner member 806 may be cut above the levelof the outer member 804. The inner member 806 can then be moved backwithin the outer member 804 until it is level with the outer member 804.

When the inner member 806 has been fully consumed, a replacement innermember 806 can be inserted into the outer member 804.

In another embodiment, the inner member 806 may be formed by a pluralityof individual unconnected portions. The foremost portion of the innermember 806 is bonded to the workpiece 808. When the locking means arereleased, the foremost portion may be removed with the workpiece and theremaining portions advanced until the preceding portion becomes levelwith the outer member 804. The remaining portions may be advanced byinserting another portion into the bottom of the outer member 804.

Alternatively, the inner member 806 may be formed by a plurality offrangible portions which are interconnected by weakened sections (forexample, thinner sections or perforations). The frangible members may beseparated from one another by hand.

In another embodiment, the inner member 806 may be formed from athermoplastic adhesive fibre, such as a hot melt adhesive. The innermember 806 may be melted at the bonding surface where it contacts theworkpiece 808. When the inner member 806 solidifies it forms a bond withthe workpiece 808. In order to remove the workpiece 808 from theadhesive fastening element 802, the inner member 806 may be cut orremoved as described above.

Although it has been described that a portion of the inner member 806 iscut or removed, the entire inner member 806 may in fact be replacedafter each operation to provide a new bonding surface.

With reference to FIGS. 20 and 21, an embodiment of an adhesivefastening element 902 in accordance with another aspect of the inventionis shown. The adhesive fastening element 902 comprises a resistiveheating element 936 embedded within the adhesive fastening element 902.The heating element 936 is a resistive wire. Alternatively the heatingelement 936 may comprise a resistive film heating element sandwichedbetween transparent materials.

The adhesive fastening element 902 comprises a core formed from anoptical material 918. The heating element 936 is disposed on the opticalmaterial 918 and is covered by a layer 946 of thermally conductive andoptically transparent material. For example, the layer 946 may be formedfrom a glass ceramic material or a diamond material deposited using achemical vapour deposition (CVD) process. Such a material has a highthermal conductivity and thus concentrates heat at the site of theadhesive bond. Furthermore, such materials are hard wearing and thus thelayer 946 protects the heating element 936 and allows any residualadhesive to be removed from the adhesive fastening element 902 withoutcausing damage. The diamond may be produced using a CVD process to forma thin layer (typically 0.5 mm thick) and then glued onto the top of theadhesive fastening element 902. However, it may also be possible todirectly CVD coat the diamond material onto the adhesive fasteningelement 902 to form the layer 946.

In use, the adhesive fastening element 902 is threadably coupled to abase plate 916 (see FIG. 21), however other types of coupling could beused. The layer 946 separates the heating element 936 from an adhesive(not shown) which is disposed on the layer 946 and which is used to bondthe adhesive fastening element 902 to a workpiece (not shown). Where theadhesive is a photo-activated adhesive, light is supplied to theadhesive through the optical material 918 and the layer 946 in order tocure the adhesive and to form a bond between the adhesive fasteningelement 902 and the workpiece.

The workpiece may be de-bonded from the adhesive fastening element 902by heating the cured adhesive in order to break down the bond betweenthe adhesive fastening element 902 and the workpiece. Accordingly, acurrent is passed through the resistive wire or film of the heatingelement 936, thus heating the wire or film. The thermally conductivelayer 946 conducts the heat from the heating element 936 to the adhesiveon the surface of the layer 946, thus breaking down the bond andreleasing the workpiece from the adhesive fastening element 902.

The heating element 936 may also be used to heat a thermally curedadhesive so as to form the bond between the adhesive fastening element902 and the workpiece.

Where a non photo-activated adhesive is used, it is not necessary toprovide the optical material 918, nor is it necessary for the layer 946to be optically transparent. The layer 946 may also be removed and theheating element 936 located at the surface of the adhesive fasteningelement 902.

FIG. 22 shows another embodiment of an adhesive fastening element 1002.The adhesive fastening element 1002 is disposed in a base plate 1016 andcomprises a core formed from an optical material 1018. A heating element1036 surrounds the adhesive fastening element 1002 and is in contactwith an outer portion 1048 of the adhesive fastening element 1002.

In use, an adhesive 1010 is disposed between the fastening pin 1002 anda workpiece 1008. The adhesive 1010 is a photo-activated adhesive, andlight is supplied to the adhesive 1010 through the optical material 1018in order to cure the adhesive 1010 and to form a bond between theadhesive fastening element 1002 and the workpiece 1008.

The heating element 1036 is used to de-bond the workpiece 1008 from theadhesive fastening element 1002 by heating the adhesive 1010.Accordingly, the outer portion 1048 of the adhesive fastening element1002 conducts heat from the heating element 1036 to the adhesive 1010 tobreak down the bond between the adhesive fastening element 1002 and theworkpiece 1008. The outer portion 1048 of the adhesive fastening element1002 is formed from a material having a high thermal conductivity, suchas cooper or aluminium based alloys, and has a low thermal mass so as toensure rapid heating and cooling.

The heating element 1036 may also be used to cure a thermally activatedadhesive so as to form the bond between the adhesive fastening element1002 and the workpiece 1008.

As shown in FIG. 23, the adhesive fastening element 1002 may be adaptedfor inspection operations by raising the adhesive fastening elementabove the base plate 1016 using a support member 1050. Furthermore, theouter portion 1048 of the adhesive fastening element 1002 may tapertowards its end so as to minimise the contact surface with the workpiece1010, thereby maximising access to the workpiece and allowing theadhesive fastening element 1002 to be used with workpieces havingirregular geometry.

FIG. 24 shows another embodiment of an adhesive fastening element 1102.The adhesive fastening element 1102 comprises a core formed by aplurality of optical fibres 1124, such as glass rods, which are encasedin a metallic material 1152. The core is surrounded by an inductionheating coil 1136.

In use, an adhesive 1110 is disposed between the fastening pin 1102 anda workpiece 1108. The adhesive 1110 is a photo-activated adhesive, andlight is supplied to the adhesive 1110 through the optical fibres 1124in order to cure the adhesive 1110 and to form a bond between theadhesive fastening element 1102 and the workpiece 1108.

The induction heating coil 1136 is used to de-bond the workpiece 1110from the adhesive fastening element 1102 by heating the adhesive 1110.

Thermal induction heats electrically conducting objects byelectromagnetic induction. A high-frequency alternating current ispassed through the induction heating coil 1136 which generates eddycurrents in the metallic material 1152 that surrounds the optical fibres1124. The resistance of the metallic material 1152 to current flowand/or magnetic hysteresis losses causes the metallic material 1152 tobe heated by the induction heating coil 1136. The metallic material 1152conducts the heat to the adhesive 1110 to break down the bond betweenthe adhesive fastening element 1102 and the workpiece 1108. The metallicmaterial 1152 has a high thermal conductivity and a low thermal mass soas to ensure rapid heating and cooling.

As an alternative to the optical fibres 1124 encased in the metallicmaterial 1152, a matrix of conductive and optical fibres may be used.

Furthermore, metallic particles or short strands of, for example, ironmay be added to the adhesive 1110. This allows the induction heatingcoil 1136 to directly heat the adhesive 1110. In this configuration thematerials of the adhesive fastening element 1102 should be electricallynon-conductive in-order to maximise the concentration of inductive heatenergy in the adhesive 1110. This technique may also aid with thermalcuring of the adhesive 1110.

In another embodiment, the heating element may comprise one or moreLEDs. The LEDs may be embedded at or close to the surface of theadhesive fastening element. The LEDs may be IR or UV LEDs, or acombination of IR and UV LEDs.

The LEDs produce sufficient heat at the surface of the adhesivefastening element to cure an adhesive and/or to de-bond a workpiece fromthe adhesive fastening element. Alternatively, the LEDs may cure theadhesive using UV light and only de-bond the workpiece from the adhesivefastening element using heat. An arrangement comprising a combination ofUV and IR LEDs may be particularly useful for this purpose.

The heat may be managed using a CVD diamond based arrangement, such as aheat spreader.

The thermal effects in the adhesive fastening element can be controlledby: a thermal management system, the wavelength or intensity outputrating of the LED, the power level applied to the LEDs, the LED type(UV/IR), and the adhesive type (for example, the lower strengthSpeedmask® UV adhesive may be curable and de-bondable using inexpensive,off the shelf, UV LEDs that can operate up to 120° C.).

The LEDs may be activated for approximately 20 seconds to cure theadhesive (with the temperature remaining below the de-bondingtemperature) and approximately 40 seconds to obtain a sufficiently hightemperature to de-bond the workpiece from the adhesive fasteningelement. At this temperature, the workpiece can be easily removed fromthe adhesive fastening element by hand and residual adhesive can beremoved from the workpiece.

The adhesive fastening elements described herein may be attached to apallet fixture (or tombstone), or directly to machine or inspectionequipment. Furthermore, a workholding device may comprise one or more ofthe adhesive fastening elements described above.

To avoid unnecessary duplication of effort and repetition of text in thespecification, certain features are described in relation to only one orseveral aspects or embodiments of the invention. However, it is to beunderstood that, where it is technically possible, features described inrelation to any aspect or embodiment of the invention may also be usedwith any other aspect or embodiment of the invention.

For example, the integrity of the bond may be checked by applying aforce between a workpiece and any of the adhesive fastening elementsdescribed. Furthermore, a light source and light meter may be used withany of the adhesive fastening elements to provide feedback on thepresence of a workpiece and the curing of the adhesive. Moreover, any ofthe adhesive fastening elements may comprise an adhesive delivery tubeand/or heating element as described.

Finally, a configuration as per the embodiment of FIGS. 12 to 14 may beused to form the other embodiments described herein. Specifically, thecentral pins may be retracted so that they sit lower than the otherpins. The central pins therefore define a recess for receiving aprotrusion of the workpiece, as in the embodiment of FIG. 14.Furthermore, the other pins can be adjusted to support the threedimensional surface of the workpiece.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An adhesive fastening element for holding aworkpiece, the adhesive fastening element comprising: a body defining arecess for receiving a protrusion of the workpiece, the recess includingan end surface and a side surface capable of bonding by an adhesive torespective end and side surfaces of the protrusion in order to bond theworkpiece to the adhesive fastening element, a transparent element fortransmitting light for curing the adhesive being retained over the endsurface and the side surface of the recess; wherein the body comprisesan outer member and an inner member that is disposed inside the outermember and is movable relative to the outer member along a longitudinalaxis of the adhesive fastening element, wherein the outer member definesthe side surface of the recess and the inner member defines the endsurface of the recess, the inner member being in a first position forbonding of the workpiece to the inner and outer members of the body, andwherein the inner member is movable away from the first position tobreak the bond between the inner member and the workpiece and is movabletoward and past the first position so as to apply a force to theworkpiece to break the bond between the outer member and the workpieceand to de-bond the workpiece from the adhesive fastening element.
 2. Theadhesive fastening element as claimed in claim 1, wherein an adhesivedelivery tube is embedded in the adhesive fastening element forsupplying adhesive to the recess.
 3. The adhesive fastening element asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the inner member is configured to beadvanced to remove residual adhesive from the side surface of the recessafter breaking the bond between the outer member and the workpiece. 4.The adhesive fastening element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the innermember and the outer member are threadably coupled to one another bycomplementary screw threads.
 5. The adhesive fastening element asclaimed in claim 2, wherein the inner member and the outer member arethreadably coupled to one another by complementary screw threads.
 6. Theadhesive fastening element as claimed in claim 3, wherein the innermember and the outer member are threadably coupled to one another bycomplementary screw threads.
 7. The adhesive fastening element asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the outer member includes a passageway thatallows light from a light source to be transmitted to the transparentelement.